Good medical practice covers a very wide range of issues, including matters of clinical competence and standards relating to more personal and interpersonal skills and attributes, like probity, communication and doctor-patient relationships. Today the patient sees himself as a buyer of health services. Once this concept is accepted, then there is a need to recognize that every patient has certain rights, which puts a special emphasis on to the delivery of quality health care. It is therefore essential that it is informed by a clear understanding of what expectations society actually has of doctors. These expectations are unlikely to be fixed and may be influenced by broader social, moral and cultural shifts.

Highly active antiretroviral therapyi (HAART), a combination of drugs (lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine) used for pre-exposure prophylaxis and management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this research work was to investigate the potential Ameliorative effect of neuroviteon on HAART induced toxicity on the cerebellum. Thirty two Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. Group A served as the control, while group B were administered with 9.28 mg/kg of HAART, group C received 9.28 mg/kg of HAART and 0.07mg/kg of folic acid and group D received 0.07mg/kg folic acid. Drugs were administered twice daily for 30 days after which neurobehavioural test of open field maze was perform. The rats were then sacrificed and their cerebellum harvested, processed and stained using haematoxylin and eosin method and nuro-fillament (NF) immunochemistry method. The slides were viewed under light microscope. Results showed a significant reduction in the brain to body weight index between the HAART group and the control and folic acid group. There was significant reduction in locomotor activity following administration of HAART to the animals compared with control, there were also significant reduction in rearing frequency , walling frequency and freezing duration, with a significant increased in freezing duration in the HAART treatment group. The freezing frequency, central line crossing and grooming frequency were not significantly different. The cerebella were affected with mild to moderate shrinkage of pyramidal cells and distortion of the granular cells. There was increased expression of NF in the HAART group compared to controls. HAART affects the weight, histology of the cerebellum and neurobehaviour. Neurovite has the potential of ameliorating the histological distortion and may be beneficial to people taking HAART.

Dry-chemistry analysis of urine has been one of the most common and useful assay means in clinic for diagnosing disease, especially urinary system disease because it is very convenient and low cost. One of the most important keys about this analysis is to expediently and efficiently acquire the change relationship between color value about urinalysis reagent piece (URP) of each test item (ETI) and semi-quantitative result (SQR). For getting the relationships easily, a novel tool software is designed in this paper. First, we introduce the idea of this designed software. Second, the implement method of the software is described. Third, several functions and application examples about acquiring color values of test items are narrated. Then, the change relationships among color values and semi-quantitative results (SQRs) about two test items were also shown. From the examples, we could confidently draw a conclusion that it is very convenient and effective to study on the relationships or laws among color variations of urinalysis reagent pieces (URPs) and SQRs for different manufacturers’ urinalysis reagent strips (URSs). Therefore, the software can be taken as a useful tool for studying on urine dry-chemistry analysis, especially, for developing application software, which may be installed in some household smart devices with cameras, such as smartphone and iPad, to realize the function of portable point-of-care and household urine analyzer.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic demyelinating disease of central nervous system (CNS) which is most frequently associated with an antecedent infection (identified in ~ 50-77%). 5% of ADEM cases follow immunization. Post infectious autoimmune events associated with Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been limited to Guillian Barre Syndrome (GBS) and JE virus vaccine related ADEM. We hereby report a case of 18 year boy who presented to us with fever, urinary retention, bilateral diminution of vision and acute onset paraparesis. Japanese encephalitis was diagnosed by elevated IgM titres against JE virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). ADEM was confirmed by MRI brain and spinal cord. Our patient also developed bilateral eye optic neuritis presenting clinically as sudden onset blurring of vision in both eye one day after admission and confirmed by visual evoked potential (VEP) study. His symptoms improved after giving high dose intravenous methylprednisolone.

This study investigated the health risk of heavy metal in smoked Trachurus trachurus sold in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. The fish samples were purchased from Tombia Junction market in Yenagoa metropolis, Nigeria. The samples were dry-ashed, digested and analyzed using atomic adsorption spectrometry. The daily intake and target hazard quotients were computed following standard procedure. Results showed mean manganese, copper, chromium, zinc and iron 0.865mg/kg, 0.085 mg/kg, <0.001mg/kg, 12.98mg/kg and 37.20 respectively. Manganese, iron and zinc concentration were above recommended level for fish food as specified by Food and Agricultural Organization/ World Health Organization and Median international standard. Target hazard quotient were <1 for both children and adult apart from iron and zinc that were high in only adults. This is an indication of potential health concern of iron and zinc in adult that consumes the smoked Trachurus trachurus sold in the study area.

Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major public health problems in developing countries. Out of 630 women Studied 150 representing 23.8% were found to be anaemic (Hb12g/dl). The prevalence of iron deficiency among the anaemic pregnant group was 8.7% with more pregnant women suffering from iron deficiency than non-pregnant women. Values of iron status were higher in the 1st trimester than 2nd trimester but tend to rise again in the 3rd trimester with no significant association existing with iron status and parity. The 8.7% prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia found in this study is considered significant. Furthermore, 10% and 3.8% of the anaemic and the control respectively were observed with high serum ferritin values) Other causes in pregnant subject with high serum ferritin values are recommended for further studies, pregnant women should be screened for iron parameters during and after antenatal care to prevent its consequences. To achieve millennium development goal on reducing child mortality come year 2020 more pragmatic steps need to be taken in our health institutions.

This was a prospective cross sectional hospital based study included 117 patients with a definitive history of snake bite and clinical features consistent with the pres¬ence of fang marks at the emergency department, Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan from 1st January 2015 to 1st January 2016 to identify the epidemiological factors of snake bite. The majority of these 117 patients were adult (86.3%) and male gender constituted 85.4%. Most of the patients were of rural residence (65.8%) and were involved in farming related activities (68.3%). A relatively high proportion of snake bite episodes happened in the afternoon times (53.9%) and half of the cases were reported during August (18%) and November. (12.8%). Lower limbs were involved in maximum number of the cases (83.7%). The reported systemic reaction included: swelling (100%), sweating (100%), hypotension (54.7%), nausea (51.%), vomiting (47.8%), local bleeding (13.6%), hymoptysis (1.7%) and neurotoxic symptoms (0.8%). In this study, there were ten (8.5%) deaths; 7 had grade 3 and the other three patients had grade 4 envenomation. In conclusion Snake bites is a real medical threat in Eastern Sudan; thus, it is very important to educate the native people to increase awareness about the risk of snake bites in particular among male, farmers and during the period from August to November.

The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.

The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.

A cross-sectional study was performed on 422 nursing and midwifery personnel of Zahedan training hospitals in 2016 to determine the occupational stress and its related factors. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and HSE Job Stress Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The software used to analyze the data was SPSS 17. The findings showed that the mean ± standard deviation occupational stress was 114.45 ± 16.16. 4% of subjects had moderate stress, 79.6% had normal stress and 16.4% had no stress. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, education, work experience, job position, ward and employment status with occupational stress, but there was a significant relationship between marital status and occupational stress. Based on the results of this study, the occupational stress level in nursing and midwifery personnel working in educational hospitals in Zahedan was relatively favorable and only a small percentage of people suffered from moderate stress.

Investigations have been done concerning computed tomography (CT) dose output of some selected hospitals in the Federal capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria by calculating the Effective doses of CT head in some selected hospitals and compare its average with the Mean Reference Dose of CT Head. Data was collected at five hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. The Effective Dose of each of the patients undergoing CT Head examination was calculated using the coefficient factor and the DLP values. Patients’ CT dose data from the ages of 18 to 60years from each of the 5 centres for each study types from January, 2013 to December, 2014 were extracted. A total of 181 patients’ CT dose data was extracted. The effective dose range for CT Head examination in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory is 1.8 to 6.8mSv.

The Computed Tomography (CT) dose output of some selected hospitals in the Federal capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria have been determined by calculating the Effective doses of CT Chest and Abdomen-Pelvis of selected hospitals and compared its average with the Mean Reference Dose of CT Chest and Abdomen-Pelvis from four hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Effective Dose and Scan type were extracted from the CT Chest and Abdomen-Pelvis examinations recorded. The Effective Dose of each patient undergoing the Chest and Abdomen-Pelvis examinations were calculated using the coefficient factor and the DLP values. Patients’ CT dose data from the ages of 18 to 60years from each of the 4 centres for each study type from January, 2013 to December, 2014 was extracted. A total of 112 patients’ CT dose data was extracted. Chest CT Effective Dose ranged from 9.0 to 34.0mSv, while Abdomen-Pelvis CT Effective Dose ranged from 15.9 to 61.0 for all the Centres in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. This is higher than the recommended Reference Effective Dose range for CT Chest which is from 5 – 7mSv. and for CT Abdomen-Pelvis is from 8 – 14mSv. The mean effective dose from the Chest CT is 21.8mSv and from the Abdomen-Pelvis is 31.9mSv.

This research task develops a mobile healthcare analysis system (PHAS) which combines both easy ECG signal measurement and reliable analysis of heart rate variability for home care purpose. The PHAS is composed by a health care platform (HCP) and a data system analysis (DSA) module. The HCP consists of a self-developed two pole electrocardiography (ECG) measuring device and the DSA a data processing unit for detection and analysis of heart rate variability. For the DSA module, the adaptive R Peak detection algorithm is proposed to reliably detect the R peak of ECG for HRV analysis. A number of features are extracted from ECG signals. A data mining method is employed for HRV analysis to exploit the correlation between HRV and these features. Experiments are conducted by establishing a database of ECG signals measured from 29 subjects under rest and exercise condition. The results show the PHAS’s significant potential in mobile applications of personal daily health care.

Women who test positive for one of the two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase their risk by 45-55 percent. Currently, there are no specific physical activity recommendations for these women. However, research supports the positive effect of exercise on reducing breast cancer risk by reducing BMI, adipose tissue, and damage caused by lipid peroxidation.

This study was to determine the mean stature, mean knee height and the correlation between stature and knee height among adults of the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. It was also aimed to find a regression equation to predict stature from knee height in adults of the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. A total of 400 people (216 males and 184 females) between the ages of 18 and 50 participated in this anthropometric study. These participants were randomly selected from the eight local government areas of Akwa Ibom state which make up the Annang ethnic group. Verbal consent was obtained from each individual. Stature and knee height were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Pearson’s coefficients of correlation and regression equations were calculated using Minitab statistical package for stature and knee height. The mean and standard deviation for stature in this study was 165.29±9.98 and 160.36±9.09 for male and female respectively and that for knee height was 53.600±3.343 and 51.441±3.493 for male and female respectively. The knee height showed a significant linear correlation(r) with stature. (r=0.576 and r=0.400, (p<0.05) for males and females respectively. The following equations were derived to predict the stature (S). In males S= 73.1 + 1.72 knee height (cm), in females S= 107 + 1.04 knee height (cm). ). The results from this study showed that the male had significantly higher figures in all parameters than their female counterpart, thus indicating the existence of sexual dimorphism in these parameters among the Annang ethnic group of Nigeria. The result from this study is comparable to studies done in other ethnic groups and may be relevant in further anthropometric or forensic studies as it concerns the Annang ethnic group.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and burnout in health care professionals. More specifically, this survey has the purpose of demonstrating the role of EI as a protective factor against the risk of burnout. Health professionals (doctors, nurses, and other caregivers) composed the sample. Data, collected during professional training, provided 148 employees. Major results of this survey underline the relationship between EI and burnout. As we expected, there is a negative and significant correlation between burnout and Emotional Intelligence. Moreover, burnout varies depending on length of service: burnout increases between 5 and 10 years of experience and decreases over 10 years. Indeed, burnout is differently expressed amongst healthcare professionals: more specifically, Psycho-physical exhaustion, Detriment of the relationships and Burnout (total score) has an impact on physician (doctors) more than other investigated health professionals. These findings seem to suggest the opportunity to improve Emotional Intelligence abilities through specific training programs, useful to promote the ability to cope with stress and to enrich the relationships in the workplace.

Sanitation is paramount to human life because it contributes to safety from communicable and non-communicable diseases as well as playing important roles in human socio- economic development and sustenance of cultural values. The aim of this paper is to monitor and evaluate environmental sanitation services in Owerri West Local Government Area. Survey method was largely used in this study with questionnaire administered on 384 of which 25 respondents each were selected from 16 small villages out of 8 major communities in Owerri West Local Government Area (LGA). The result shows that 51.3% practice monthly environmental sanitation and only 33.3% of the wastes are removed from the generation point. The common refuse disposal method is the use of sanitary bin (35.3%), open dumping (20.8%) and burning (23.3%) while about 37% are dumped around surrounding bushes. This study revealed that the general environmental sanitation in Owerri West LGA is good (71.3%). Presence of Environmental Health Officer (EHO) for policy implementation (p<0.005), Frequency of EHO visit (p<0.005), level of hygiene education (p<0.005) and availability of environmental sanitation policy (p=0.008) was significantly related to the method of waste disposal adopted and Presence of Environmental Health Officer for policy implementation (EHO) (p=0.034), Frequency of EHO visit (p<0.005), level of hygiene education (p<0.005) and availability of environmental sanitation policies (p=0.001) as well as frequency of waste removal from generation point. Basic efforts that lead to good health and longevity include taking sensible actions and precautions based on sound health information. Environmental sanitation education is needed to educate and recondition the minds and attitudes of citizens in Owerri West LGA and beyond in consonance with the norms of their environment.